The paper is aimed at selecting the optimal method for identifying outliers in the initial data when building a multivariate regression model of prices in the regional residential real estate market. The study was based on offers for sale of apartments in prefab flat blocks located in Irkutsk. In this regard, a basic multiplicative multivariate regression model was built, describing the dependence of cost indicators on the pricing factors of real estate. The identified outliers were iteratively removed from the basic model. The methods for detecting outliers included calculation of standard deviation (z-score), calculation of the Mahalanobis distance, as well as a method developed in the study for bringing the prices of objects to the characteristics of the reference object. The optimal method for detecting outliers in the initial data was selected by comparing the characteristics of the final variable-based multivariate regression models obtained after removing outliers from them. The analysis of the results proved the method of bringing the prices of objects to the characteristics of the reference object to be the optimal method of identifying outliers when building a multivariate regression model of prices in the regional residential real estate market. This method significantly reduces the approximation errors of the basic multivariate regression model of the market, thereby increasing the adequacy of the results of the real estate valuation conducted on its basis.

Our aim was to investigate the influence of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors on risks and opportunities in investment and construction projects. The research methodology involved a review of scientific publications, both domestic and foreign, concerning ESG factors and approaches to their integration into investment projects. This allowed us to develop a step-by-step approach to assessing the impact of these factors on the risks and opportunities in investment construction projects. The proposed approach consists in identifying significant ESG aspects, carrying out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the associated risks and opportunities, and establishing a system for managing ESG factors within a particular project. In addition, we developed a system of quantitative indicators for assessing ESG factors, allowing them to be taken into account when designing a financial and economic model of the project. Theoretical results related to the development of an algorithm for assessing the impact of ESG factors and the system of indicators for their quantitative measurement were obtained. It is concluded that the assessment and management of ESG factors play an important role in improving the sustainability and efficiency of investment and construction projects. Further research should be focused on the creation of industry standards and indicators for assessing ESG factors in the sphere of investment and construction, as well as on the improvement of tools for environmental funding of projects.

Accurate basin-level river discharge estimation is of vital importance across various fields, including water resources, climate change, natural hazards, biodiversity, and energy production. Normally, gauging stations are deemed the most reliable data source for measuring river discharge. However, a significant proportion of the world’s rivers remain ungauged due to a combination of technical, economic, and political constraints. Encouragingly, recent advancements in remote sensing and satellite observation have opened new avenues for global river discharge monitoring, even in ungauged basins, and the availability of extensive datasets and advancements in computing technologies have facilitated the development of numerous modern data-driven techniques. The general objective of this study is to estimate inflow discharge to Lake Baikal at upstream section from Upper Angara and Kichera River Basins using different satellite precipitation and runoff datasets. According to the calculation result, a higher discharge was observed for the power dataset. The obtained results were used to mitigate floods, droughts, bridge design, manage urban drainage systems, and manage the lake ecosystem.

Digital elevation models provide valuable information about the surface topography. The resolution and accuracy of the data used to create the models are critical for the results of hydrological analysis. Available global digital elevation models obtain high potential in terms of data sources; however, their performance requires meticulous evaluation for different terrain characteristics and applications. Aim. To determine the accuracy and resolution of data provided by current and old global models, namely SRTM 1, SRTM GL1, V3 ASTER, GMTED2010, PALSAR ALOS, and GTOPO 30, using the example of two terrains. The study considers the areas in Syria (Syrian coast) and Russia (Chernoyarsky and Akhtubinsky districts in the Astrakhan region) represented by different elevation models. A matching degree between model and real elevations measured by GPS was determined to carry out the hydrological analysis of the land surface. For this purpose, three statistical measures, including range, standard deviation and correlation were defined by means of BaseCamp, ARCGIS PRO & SAGA_GIS software. Data resolution indicates the degree of detail represented in the DEM dataset, which is established by the spatial sampling interval or the size of the grid cell used to represent the land surface. Data accuracy refers to the matching degree between the elevation values derived from the DEM and the actual data obtained on the surface. Results. In terms of correlation coefficient and standard deviation, the GMTED 2010 and ASTER V3 model for the Syrian region and the ALOS PALSAR and SRTM GL 1 model for the Russian region prove to be the most effective for hydrological analysis in the absence of accurate local models.

Sedimentation refers to the first stage of wastewater treatment from mechanical impurities. Its rate depends on the density and particle size of impurities, as well as the density and viscosity of dispersion medium. In industrial sedimentation tanks, particle settling can occur in laminar, transient or turbulent modes. Aim. To establish the criterion equations and their coefficients for sedimentation processes of sand, glass and polyamide granules. Sedimentation of sand particles of 0.001– 0.003 m, spherical glass particles with the diameter of 0.0025–0.004 m and polyamide granules with the volume-surface mean diameter of 0.0022–0.003 m was carried out in a measured glass cylinder filled with distilled water. Each solid particle was measured, then, it came into contact with the water surface by means of tweezers, and released, starting to settle to the bottom of the cylinder under the action of gravity. A stopwatch was used to time the particle passaging between the marks of the measured cylinder. Calculations were performed using dimensional analysis. According to the test results, the dependences of the Reynolds number on the Archimedes number were established for the sedimentation of sand particles and polyamide granules in the transient mode, while spherical glass particles in the turbulent mode. In addition, the criterion equations of the solid particles sedimentation in the liquid were derived. The coefficients for these equations were experimentally determined. The equations and coefficients obtained in the study can be used in the design of settling tanks for mechanical treatment of wastewater to remove sand, glass and polymer particles.

The present paper considers the features of construction at low temperatures and introduces the previous studies on improving the reliability of metal and reinforced concrete structures. Low temperatures adversely affect penetration of the edges of metal products during welding. Notably, design engineers consider the results of investigations and calculations, and incorporate steel products made of lowalloy, stainless steels, and nickel alloys. These materials demonstrate high viscosity, good weldability, retain strength in the process of manufacturing structures and their operation. The paper analyzes the construction works in winter conditions and considers installation as one of the main technological processes in construction. In addition, the paper lists the restrictions for welding and concreting, as well as indicates the conditions for structures to be installed using bolts or manual arc welding. Manufacturing plants are known to treat metal products and structures with protective coatings prior to transportation to the construction site. These technological operations are aimed at protecting metal from corrosion and at retaining heat within buildings. All winter concreting techniques are indicated to be implemented on the construction site at temperatures below 5°C. Gaining the required strength of the cement needs more time in cold temperatures than at a temperature of +20°C. The method of artificial heating, presented in the paper, is intended to create durable concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures.

The present paper considers the technology of monitoring the technical condition of chimneys in order to identify areas of increased heat losses. The technology involves an automated wireless monitoring system that includes an unmanned aircraft with additional equipment. Aim. To study the operation safety of reinforced concrete chimneys used in hazardous industrial facilities. The presented monitoring technology tackles the task of prompt identification of defects and damages to reduce the risks of potentially hazardous conditions. While developing technology for monitoring the technical condition, special attention is paid to its autonomy and intelligence. At the first stage, sensors, coordinators and remote thermometry system are installed with the transmission of data on the temperature of the chimney trunk to the control center. At the next stage, the outer surface of the chimney is examined using an unmanned aicraft equipped with a thermal imaging camera to verify information about heat losses. The final stage involves creating a thermogram of the object and a scheme of the possible locations of the identified defects in order to plan repair works. In addition, the paper introduces main advantages of the suggested technology.

The paper analyzes the existing construction solutions of steel frames with a box-section column and an I-beam crossbar in order to use them in earthquake zones, including areas with low temperatures. Such solutions will allow the structure to accept the seismic inertial forces, while maintaining its bearing capacity throughout the entire period of operation. In order to solve this problem, the study proposes to use steel frame joints, which can be used both for the entire frame of the building and on individual floors, thereby creating a “flexible story” effect. The authors studied articles, books and patents issued in Russia, the United States, Japan, China and Iran, analyzed the factors that reduce the reliability and performance characteristics of the joints. The main factor consists in a welded joint, which is used to attach the crossbars to the columns, transverse ribs in the column body, and to form the box section of the column from sheets, angles or channels. The reliability of the welded joint is reduced even more under conditions of seismic zones with low temperatures in Russia. However, units without welded joints require special cast parts or structures, thereby reducing their availability. In this regard, the task consists in developing new original construction solutions for joints that meet the requirements of reliability and availability.

The present study analyzes the software implementation of the concept of generating Turing machines that solve NP-hard problems. The paper describes a mathematical formulation of machine generation, presented as a solution of resource planning problems to be adapted to software for designing class schedules or, more generally, for network scheduling. The proposed software solutions for data representation are partially based on technical solutions for designing a class schedule. Basic strategies (procedural semantics of methods) for reducing searces (deep return, look ahead, etc.) utilize technical solutions for designing class schedules and other strategies (e.g., application of oracle) that have not been used for this purpose. The study is aimed at analyzing the intermediate results of software implementation of the concept of generating Turing machines that solve NP-hard problems. The paper proposes further plans for developing a software package for generating Turing machines into an open platform for teaching students the theory of algorithms and information technology, conducting experiments to determine the non-polynomial complexity of solving certain NP-hard problems generated by Turing machines.

Large quantities of low-pressure polyethylene containers used for transportation and storage of oil products (motor oils) entail higher environmental risks produced by their utilization or disposal. An urgent scientific task is to search for new ways for utilization of such containers, to involve them in production of new target products without thorough cleaning of waste from contaminants and residues of motor oils. The present study involved crushed containers used for storage and transportation of motor oil in order to explore the possibility of including polyethylene in the production of asphalt concrete mixture. A sample, containing 17.5% of low-pressure polyethylene (contaminated with motor oil by 8% of asphalt mass), and a control sample of asphalt concrete mixture free of polyethylene, were made in order to investigate the change of properties, occurring in the low-pressure polyethylene asphalt concrete. Results. The study assessed main physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete samples containing low-pressure polyethylene and motor oil. According to the assessment, a number of properties exceed the values stated in GOST 9128-2013. In addition, the study results included development of technological regulations for producing asphalt concrete mixture with polyethylene as well as the flow diagram for obtaining asphalt concrete mixture. Using polyethylene waste contaminated with motor oil in the production cycle of asphalt concrete mixtures will reduce the consumption of raw materials for asphalt concrete production and the negative impact on the environment.

The present paper considers the railroad bed on the Tuapse-Adler section of the North Caucasus Railway (Black Sea coast) in terms of its protection from wave scouring. Aim. To evaluate the influence of coastal lithodynamics on the safety of the railway operation on the section under consideration. The paper describes lithodynamic processes in the sea coastal zone and demonstrates the influence of coastal protection structures produced on lithodynamics in general and on adjacent sections, as exemplified by a specific section of the coast (1907–1910 km). The study involves a retrospective analysis of the step-by-step construction of trapping structures, and sea groins without full-fledged dumping of beach-forming material into the inter-groin compartments. The investigation and analysis of satellite images of 1907–1910 km coast within the Vodopadny-Lazarevskoye section indicate that lithodynamic processes remained unconsidered during the intensive construction of bank protection structures, which led to the beach erosion and the emergency condition of the seawalls along 1909–1910 km section. The paper provides recommendations for considering lithodynamic processes in the construction of railway protection structures, thereby increasing the safety of the railway operation.

A transient filtration mode leads to an increased load on drainage systems and can potentially violate the normal operating conditions of structures. The mode is yet to be investigated in science and methodology. Various methodologies used for calculating the key parameter of the transient filtration mode – the radius of influence of the depression cone – often fail to obtain the same values and to provide a means to determine the error in the calculations performed. A systematic review of scientific, regulatory and educational literature on the calculation of parameters in the transient filtration mode was carried out using general analysis and synthesis, as well as mathematical analysis. The results of the study described two main theoretical approaches for determining the radius of influence; however, neither of them takes into account the errors in the calculations performed. The authors of the present paper provide a mathematical justification for calculating the radius of influence with a specified error using information technologies.

The reliability of water supply and wastewater disposal systems has a significant impact on the environment: therefore, it is essential to implement new methods and approaches that reduce the risk of emergency situations. Based on the experience in automation, maintenance and modernization of wastewater disposal and water supply systems, the study suggests introducing additional programmable modules into automated control systems that provide control and regulation directly on the actuator. For this purpose, the study involves OWEN Logic programming environment, which manages pumping stations through programmable relays. The paper presents functional diagrams that have been introduced into standard macros to increase the reliability of pumping units. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the implementation of multi-level management facilitates the improvement of existing water supply and wastewater disposal systems, thereby increasing their functional capabilities and ensuring the efficient operation of technological equipment. The conducted analysis shows that the adoption of this method for managing technological processes will enhance the reliability and durability of the equipment, ensuring uninterrupted operation of pumping stations. With a change in the performance of water supply and wastewater disposal systems, the installed devices will allow for modernization with minimal economic costs, and reprogramming the operation of the low-level automation without affecting the performance of other levels.

The present study considers architectural and spatial development of the existing universities and campuses as relevant issue. Administrative and academic buildings, libraries, laboratories, student dormitories and sports facilities, medical centers, pedestrian zones, green spaces, parks and sports grounds, green area recreations contribute to strengthening social ties between students and teachers, providing a beneficial effect on learning and development. The present paper analyzes examples of successful development of student campuses and identifies the factors of their effectiveness. The study findings may serve as a foundation for creating architectural and spatial solutions aimed at comprehensive development of a comfortable educational environment in modern universities of the Volga region. Furthermore, the results of the conducted analysis will assist in identifying priorities of architectural development tasks in areas at different levels — from urban planning to the installation of engineering and automation systems. Well-maintained green spaces, convenient areas for relaxation and socialization, as well as a variety of sports and cultural facilities, will contribute to the creation of comfortable and stimulating atmosphere, which, in turn, will enhance students' motivation for learning and develop their social skills. Effective planning, consideration of the needs and preferences of students, and their involvement in the decision-making process are indicated as the key factors for successful architectural and spatial solutions of university campuses. In addition, the maintenance and regular updating of green spaces and campus infrastructure are found significant.

The paper considers the problem of communication between Kentron and Kanaker-Zeytun districts in Yerevan. Particular attention is paid to the Cascade architectural and monumental complex. It obtains an important urban planning significance in the structure of public spaces in Yerevan and is considered by citizens as one of main symbols of the capital of Armenia. The study is aimed at identifying the grounds for poor pedestrian communication between the districts of the city and determining the prospects of development, transformation, and modernization of the territory. The methodology involved a comparative analysis of public spaces in the city center, publicly available GPS tracks and the results of a sociological survey. The results of the urban planning analysis outline the problem of pedestrian accessibility in the city, and demonstrate the relationship between public spaces. The sociological survey depicts the demands of the citizens and guests of Yerevan for the further development of the Cascade architectural and monumental complex. Studying the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of public spaces revealed the problems of communication between the districts of the city on the northsouth compositional axis, which are associated with the incomplete construction of the fifth terrace of the complex. Sociological research necessitates the construction to be completed. The survey shows the opinions of citizens and guests of the city about the potential development of the Cascade environment.

The study is aimed at exploring the possibility of building a new airport in Irkutsk as part of a major transport hub on the territory equidistant from the cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk and Shelekhov, close to the East Siberian Railway, R255 Siberia Federal Highway and the bypass road of Irkutsk. This problem requires evaluating the advantages of locating a new airport on the proposed site compared to the location of the existing airport within the city. The analytical and theoretical studies of the transport hub and types of air terminals proved the formation of the airport as part of a transport hub with a railway station and a bus station to be the most appropriate solution for the development of the city. A comparative analysis of time necessary to get to the new air terminal and to the old one showed that passengers would save time if the airport is placed the outside the city due to its easy access for residents of three cities. The conducted analysis of current trends in the development of the transport interchange hub formed the basis for recommendations on the choice of a hub type appropriate for the conditions of the city. The proposed hub will increase passenger traffic, areas for servicing passengers and aircraft, and the length of runways. Placing the airport as part of a transport hub on a free territory between three large cities and modernization will ensure a high level of quality of flights and passenger service, increase the quality of life of citizens, and significantly improve the ecology of the city.

The presented study is aimed at identifying factors that significantly influence the patterns of designed development in the existing historical urban environment. The paper reviews theoretical grounds and design methods of architects and urban designers exploring the practice of incorporating new architectural objects into a semiotic, morphological and functional context. The time frame of the study was determined due to the relevance of the issue. Actually, cities built before the 20th century are characterized by the cohesion of urban fabric, hierarchy of elements, calibrated silhouette and perception angles of the environment, while modern cities or modern inclusions lack these properties and look scattered and sporadic. The paper suggests two possible reasons behind that: the architects from before the 20th century appeared much skillful than their followers; or the professional architects and urban designers are consciously inclined to the separateness of buildings and their incoherence with the environment. The analysis revealed a number of approaches: three-part construction of architectural form, space as a structure of relations, formalization of the object to structural content, spatial structure of residential environment as socio-spatial bodies, spatial grids, continuity, coherence of the building fabric, navigation factor, formal similarity, relation to the urban framework.