The study considers institutions of the commercial real estate market with the aim to develop a descriptive institutional model. Institutional boundaries of the commercial real estate market are outlined. Time limits are determined by the equalization of supply and demand through the dynamics of rental rates. Geographical limits, despite the local character of the market, are determined by the participation of the largest developers. Commodity boundaries form the intended purpose of commercial real estate related to its use by lessees for business. This allows the interconnection of commercial real estate institutions to be considered from the perspective of value creation. By means of land relations, the initial conditions are determined by the institution of the state, which also establishes registration requirements. The developer connects the land supply with the rental market by developing a concept of the object, thus influencing related industries (developers, producers of construction materials). The institution of commercial real estate management ensures the interests of the developer. The composition of its participants is diverse, allowing the investor’s offer to be communicated to potential tenants as a value. The institute of accompanying participants of the commercial real estate market is mainly involved in information exchange between its other subjects; however, this institute is responsible for making the constituent links of the market sustainable. The lessee forms the final product using the value created by the developer (lessor) in the form of the intended purpose and individual properties of the object. Rental rates affect the profitability of commercial real estate, thereby determining the developer’s demand for capital. The results obtained can be used by both developers and researchers. The conclusion is made about the limited institutional role of the investor due to irrational capital raising and transferring these costs to the lessee. The reasons lie both in the strategies of most developers and in the desire to reduce risks through the preferred use of debt capital.

Regions are active participants of foreign economic activity, with their contribution to the total export being significant. Therefore, data analysis of the volume and structure of exports and investments is important for determining the efficiency of support measures and for elaborating a further development strategy. A review of scientific sources demonstrates the role of investment and government support in stimulating exports. This article examines the efficiency of regional export support measures and their correlation with investments. Statistical data on exports, investments, and government support measures from 2012 to 2022 is compared. The research demonstrates the performance of the Irkutsk Region Export Support Center in the following spheres: in supporting exporters in concluding export contracts, in stimulating export activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, in engaging new exporters in foreign economic activities, as well as in promoting export diversification. Data on the increase in the share of nonresource, non-energy goods in the structure of the region exports confirms the efficiency of the undertaken supporting measures. The performance of the Export Support Center indicates its increasing popularity and efficiency. Moreover, the increasing number of exporters and the volume of export contracts demonstrates the positive impact of supporting measures on the export sector development and regional economy competitiveness. After considering the three main drivers of economic performance, i.e., consumer demand, exports, and investment, it can be concluded that the regional authorities use levers of influence over the latter two factors.

This study addresses the feasibility of adopting the Strategy of Youth Entrepreneurship Development in the Irkutsk Oblast for the period of up to 2030 in the context of digital economy. According to relevant data, specific features of youth entrepreneurship are outlined, and the necessity of its systemic support by regional executive and legislative authorities is noted. In the context of academic discourse on youth policy, an analysis of possible directions for launching various initiatives is conducted. Areas to be considered include civic initiatives, strengthening security measures, protecting, overcoming social exclusion, information enrichment, integration of modern technologies, and support in professional selfdetermination. Such multidimensional interventions seek to expand the horizons for young people and to promote their active social, economic, and cultural integration into public life. Particular attention is paid to the importance of supporting social and entrepreneurial youth projects, which form the basis for the development of digital economy and the small-business sector in the Russian state. The research methodology included comparative-legal and historical approaches, the method of deduction and induction, and a formal-legal approach with the application of other scientific cognition methods. Additionally, the conclusion is made that the improvement of youth policy in the context of youth entrepreneurship is possible only based on a comprehensive approach. The latter implies supporting measures of the current legislation, as well as the formation of a positive public opinion on the entrepreneur image through a specialized youth community, such as a Club of young entrepreneurs.

This study is focused on Russian industrial real estate and mechanisms of its transformation in crisis periods as a sphere of scientific knowledge. The investigated crisis periods are of interest from the perspective of their different nature, which remains a relevant research problem at the interface of economics and politics. The source materials were all types of research literature published from 1940 up to the present, along with state standards in this field. The materials for analysis were collected from the book funds of the Russian State Library and journals of the leading Moscow universities. The collected literature was classified based on three historical periods. These included (1) the war and post-war period of the 40s and up to the mid-70s, when technical literature was published; (2) 90s and 2000s, which passed under the sign of perestroika and general restructuring of industrial enterprises; and (3) the period since 2014 up to the present, characterized by a series of geopolitical events. The conclusion is made that the evolution of scientific knowledge in the field of industrial real estate depends on the nature of the ongoing crisis.

The research aims to develop a significant model for assessing the condition of bridges. This model may serve as a supplementary source of information in determining bridge condition ratings not only in Baghdad, but also in other regions with similar operating conditions. The authors also used the methods of mathematical statistics, probability theory, and mathematical theory of planning to conduct an experiment using the results of bridge survey. Currently, the Commission on Audit uses financial depreciation models to determine the service life of structures, with no alternative formulas available for predicting this parameter in the country. Therefore, the authors consider a new approach on the basis of available research on depreciation models. This approach is based on assessment of the condition of 30 structural elements of a bridge, as well as the results of inspections conducted by the Department of Public Works and Highway Bridges. The purpose was to determine the applicability of available data as meaningful variables in identifying a regression model to predict the condition of such bridges in Baghdad. Statistical data for determining the coefficients and dependent variables provided a relevant model for bridge condition assessment, which can be applied to identify the technical state of bridge structures.

A method for demanganization of technogenic aqueous solutions is presented. This method involves electrocoagulation purification of aqueous systems from high metal contents and extraction of manganese (II) ions by carbon sorbent adsorption. A coagulation technology based on electrogenerated aluminum hydroxide was used. According to diffraction analysis, such a hydroxide exhibits an amorphous porous hydrogel structure with a developed sorbing surface. The micellar structure of the as-generated aluminum hydroxide, which was attributed to a modification of gibbsite, is represented by the following colloidal particle: {[m Al(OH)₃] nAl(OH)₂⁺ (n-x) OH^-}^x+ xOH^-. The associative process of sorption on gibbsite occurs by dispersion interaction, which is governed by the force of electrostatic attraction of instantaneous and induced dipoles of electrically neutral sorbent molecules and the [Mn (OH₂)₂(OH)₂]⁰ manganese hydroxo-aquo complex. The adsorption limiting value of manganese ions amounted to 4.9 mmol/g at 298 K and pH 5.8, with  the adsorption equilibrium constant reaching 1.36 ^. 10⁴. The electricity consumption corresponded to 12.0 А^.h at an optimal electrocoagulation duration of 15 min and a current density of 1.6 мА/сm². The final purification of aqueous solutions using carbon sorbents was conducted in a slightly alkaline medium at pH 7.5. The manganese sorption value reached 1.68 mmol/g. Therefore, the resource-saving effect of processing of technogenic hydro-mineral solution is manifested in a significant reduction of heavy metal salts and in obtaining of demanded mixed coagulants of aluminum and iron sulfates from water purification wastes. Another positive effect of electrochemical water purification consist in water disinfection and its improved ogranoleptic parameters.

The article aims to develop an instrumental model for a complex assessment of building structures that are subject to changes during their life-cycle process. This model can be used to substantiate the need either to reconstruct the existing building structures with the purpose of creating favorable living conditions or to demolish the building. The research methodology involved the general theory of systems and available techniques for estimating the state of building structures. Brick walls were tested by a nondestructive method using an IPS-MG-4.03 meter. Gypsum block masonry walls were tested by an ONIKS- 2.5 meter. Concrete was tested by an OMSh-1 hardness tester. Bellman dynamic programming was used to optimize the calculations and to find a solution for optimizing reconstruction costs. An example of assessing the condition of a building construction is provided, along with measures for extending its lifecycle. A conclusion is made that evaluation of the reliable operation of a building structure should consider the integral condition of the basic load-bearing structures under the action of environmental factors. This allows the risks of building destruction and the costs of building reconstruction to be reduced. For evaluating the current condition of the building under study, its structure was divided into a number of elements: foundation, wall box, floor slabs, roof. The hydrogeological parameters of the soil were also considered. Basing on the wear of building elements, the weakening coefficients of the building were calculated. The transient states of the system were described by semi-Markov processes. The results obtained can be used when evaluating the building residual life, selecting measures for improving the durability of structures with high wear and tear, and justifying the renovation concepts of territories.

The article aims to elaborate a technical means for reducing fire occurrence in internal electrical networks of individual households. General scientific methods of numerical analysis, electric circuit theory, and prediction theory were used. It was determined that the operating mode of the electric network under study is characterized by a significant unbalanced power consumption due to the asymmetry and non-sinusoidality of phase currents caused by the occurrence of additional symmetrical components of forward, reverse, and zero sequences. Additional heat losses increase significantly and lead to overheating of the neutral conductor, thus intensifying fire risks. On the basis of measurements and the authors’ software, a simulation modeling of integration of the developed balancing device into the investigated network was carried out. The conducted analysis found that the developed device can reduce additional heat losses and fire risks by over 90%. Using statistical methods of forecasting, regression analysis in particular, a preventive long-term assessment of the level of additional power losses was conducted. Autoregressive equations for predicting the parameter of additional power losses at a certain probability level were derived. MATLAB graphic editor technologies and Excel software were used to visualize changes in the studied indicators. The results can be used by construction companies when designing the internal electrical network of individual households, as well as for researchers developing approaches to reducing additional losses of electrical energy.

The article considers the problem of design forecasting of the life cycle of reinforced concrete structures operated in severe climatic conditions using the methodology of limit states. The authors propose to use the reliability index β, conditionally regulated by the norms for design limit states, as a criterion index of the functional suitability of structures. The kinetics of the reliability index β during cyclic freezing and thawing is evaluated by means of multifactor periodic experimental control of strength and deformability indices in frozen and thawed states. Testing was conducted using prismatic (100×100×400 mm) and cubic (100 mm) specimens of the B25 mature concrete (180 days), F270 frost resistance grade. In this case, the parametric failure of an element was identified by the moment when the criterion parameter reached the threshold value. The threshold is extablished (with the required level of reliability) by normative functional models of the limit state, transformed to a form describing the dependence of the concrete resistance parameter on the value of the estimated force and section parameters. Test intervals were determined considering the specificity of concrete frost degradation as a multistage process of structural adaptability, as well as microcrack formation and accumulation. Statistical aspects of resistance parameters were identified from experimental data using the maximum likelihood method and Pearson’s criterion (χ2) in assessing their consistency with the theoretical distribution. Additional transient design situations that consider the thermal-moisture state of the structures are considered. The presented experimental data confirmed the feasibility of the proposed approach.

The article aims to examine models and methods of cost optimization associated with the development of clustered organizational structures in construction companies. The research methodology involved an analysis of existing approaches, simulation modeling, and econometric equation analysis. As a result, different approaches to cost estimation and optimization applied in the construction sphere are presented. Particular attention is paid to the development of complex models and their optimization under the conditions of uncertainty through simulation modeling of various scenarios of cluster organizational structures in construction companies. The analysis also includes an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of econometric semi-linear dynamic equations and the feasibility of their application. The discussion section emphasizes the importance of integrating different optimization methods to achieve the most optimal outcome in the management of construction companies. Further research directions are outlined. The results can be relevant when formulating development strategies and making investment decisions in the construction sphere. The research conclusions confirm the significance of applying modern cost optimization methods to improve the management efficiency of construction companies and their competitiveness in the market of construction services.

The digitalization of the construction industry in the Russian Federation becomes a key factor in achieving sustainable development and increasing the competitiveness of the industry in the global market. The article investigates the dynamics and prospects of digital transformation of the construction industry in the Russian Federation. The authors examine the appearance of digitalization as an instrument of global innovative processes, as well as its impact on the development of modern society. Particular attention is paid to the current state of applying digital technologies in the construction industry, with a focus on identifying the key trends. The factors that facilitate or hinder the digitalization process are outlined, including technological, economic, and organizational aspects. The importance of creating a digital dimension of the construction industry as a basis for similar projects in other spheres of human life is noted. The contribution of large and small real estate developers to digital solutions, as well as the interaction between public authorities and the private sector in this regard, is considered. Particular emphasis is placed on addressing the current challenges facing the industry in the digitalization context. In conclusion, the importance of digitalization in strengthening the competitiveness of the Russian construction industry in the global market and the need for a strategic approach to its implementation is highlighted.

We consider the relevance and importance of creating a youth culture and leisure center in the rural locality of Khuzhir. To this end, the results of sociological surveys among the population of the Olkhonsky District and young people of the Russian Federation, who form the main target audience of the youth center, were used. The research also involved a review of electronic sources and publications on the design of culture and leisure centers in the settlements of the Baikal coastal area, statistical data on tourism activities in the area of Olkhon Island and additional education initiatives in Russia, sociological surveys among Olkhon population and residents of the Russian Federation and CIS countries. A review of project proposals for the organization of leisure, culture, and education institutions in rural areas of Pribaikalye was carried out. All these findings were used to identify the main requirements to a youth center in Khuzhir. The analysis of priority areas in the field of additional education specified at the end of 2022 in Russia and the Siberian Federal District was used to determine a set of functions to be performed by the center. The results also formed the basis for the selection of similar objects of domestic and foreign experience for analysis and determination of the most optimal architectural and planning solutions of the designed center. The key stages in the organization of a youth culture and leisure center in Khuzhir were determined taking the needs of the target audience into account.

The article investigates the monuments of Irkutsk Soviet modernism and early postmodernism in order to reveal their identity and peculiarities, to determine the significance of these structures for the specific urban environment of the Eastern Siberian capital, as well as for the history of modern architecture as a research discipline. The research involved a review of bibliographic sources, a full-scale survey of objects belonging to the mentioned periods, and in-person interviews with the architects of the buildings under study and other Irkutsk citizens. Along with attracting interest to the urgent problems of cultural significance, objective assessment, and modern appearance of the heritage of the second half of the 20th century, the authors clarified the chronological framework of the main stages in the development of the modern city and provided a scientific definition of the Irkutsk regionalism term. As a result, it was established that the response to the challenges of the late Soviet years became a recognizable architectural segment, which, although rapturing the fabric of historical urban environment, reassembles it for functional aspiration for the future. The Irkutsk architecture, having an industrial beginning, has nevertheless remained authorial, and even uncompromising in the doctrines of Vladimir A. Pavlov and his followers, who supported his initiatives in the following era of postmodernism.

Transformation of the architectural heritage of large cities, which also includes that of industrial areas, can be seen as a development and reconstruction driver of modern urban development. In this work, we aimed to propose methods for spatial transformation of urban industrial or mixed areas in the structure of a large city. A structural assessment of the urban planning practice and experience in the city of Tyumen was conducted to identify architectural and planning approaches to the reconstruction of depressive post-industrial areas. Following an analysis of the existing location and concentration of industrial areas, along with their main parameters, and the experience of experimental design of renovated districts, the Babarinka industrial district in the northern part of the city was selected. This district is characterized by its direct interconnection with the city center, a combined type and small-cell structure of the existing buildings, and its historical interrelation with the open space of the river. Typological and morphological features of the existing industrial areas in the city, interacting with the surrounding urban areas in different ways, were determined based on the theory of mixed urban development. A combined assessment of urban planning data enables the key parameters of urban transformation to be determined and the basic planning structures to be identified. The latter include spatial planning, transportation and pedestrian networks, landscaping, and functional zoning. These planning structures determine the key qualitative parameters of the transformation design concept of industrial areas, thus serving as criteria for evaluating various-scale design solutions.

This article considers promising directions of adaptive architecture, one of the most dynamically developing concepts in the field of design and construction. A wide range of objects constructed using advanced technological solutions are studied and classified as adaptive objects, spaces, or environments. Special attention is paid to the following three aspects of adaptive architecture. First, adaptive architecture should be based on the principle of energy efficiency, including conservation of energy and resources and use of clean energy, contributing to the creation of buildings with a high environmental coefficient. Second, the living environment should meet the requirements of flexibility and mobility, representing the interaction between the environment and the human. This function of the environment is aimed at creating spaces conducive to changes depending on public and personal needs. Third, the relations between three components––people, environment, and digital technologies––should be considered. The response to the challenge of modernity in the late 20th and early 21st century concerned the restructuring of the technological process towards the search for the most effective directions in the field of creating sustainable objects, spaces, and environments. Digital reality becomes a connecting element, which contributes to the creation of an adaptive space flexibly responding to changes in the environment and human needs.

Research into the development principles of residential areas in the natural and climatic conditions of the Baikal region, taking into account various interactions within the geosystem under seismic conditions, contributes to harmonizing the constituent and interconnected geosystem components. These include natural territorial, socio-economic, and natural-public spatial systems. Such research is aimed at improving the quality of architecture of residential buildings, ensuring their sustainability and comfort for different population groups. This article investigates the multi-stage structure of a materially organized and life-supporting spatial environment considering changes in socio-economic conditions. Natural, territorial, and urban planning components that determine the formation of sustainable residential buildings meeting the modern architectural requirements were investigated. This enabled the theoretical foundations of the geosystem structure to be revealed. The historical experience of forming residential environment, residential buildings, and their complexes both in Russia and abroad was studied. The main interrelated factors in the development of the architecture of residential buildings and their complexes in the geosystem were determined. These include the dynamics of spatial and temporal development of residential buildings and their complexes, the impact of such development on the processes of component interaction, and the interrelation of residential buildings and their complexes in the geosystem structure. Conceptual directions in the formation of residential buildings and their complexes under the existing and changing conditions of the Baikal region geosystem, including those regulated and self-regulated, are outlined.

The study focuses on the problem of сreating a historical and memorial complex on the Mudyug Island in the Arkhangelsk Oblast. A new architectural and artistic image of the socio-cultural environment is created, which bears spirituality and perpetuates the memory of the last century’s tragic events. This is achieved by a wide toolkit of the architectural science, a review of literature sources review, and a theoretical generalization of the global experience. S.G. Shabiev conducted field surveys of memorial complexes not only in the Russian Federation, but also in Australia, Canada, China, and European countries. Moreover, an architectural and landscape analysis of the designed area was carried out, along with a study of potential tourist routes and connection to the continental part. The main elements of the site development were identified, with the center of the composition located in the Belaya Bashnya lighthouse area. As a result, the authors developed a conceptual design plan of the complex with an original master plan structure based on three lighthouse beams. These projected ground-level beams include standalone memorial facilities and culminate with the elements of a café, a viewing platform, and a pier on the Dvina Bay shore. All the beams also comprise well-maintained fields, small architectural forms, open-air exhibition spaces, and concert venues for literary events on the historical themes of the complex. Furthermore, the conceptual design plan provides for the construction of a 125-place hotel next to the lighthouse. The study demonstrates an unparalleled architectural and planning solution on the basis of innovative techniques using abstract spaces of the museum complex. These spaces represent sculptural forms, artistically reflecting historical events of the island.